PANDORA BOX OF POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS: UNLEASHING THE POWER OF CHATGPT IN HEALTHCARE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v21i3.1720Keywords:
Air-conditioning, ChatGPT, Dentistry, Healthcare system, Medical Education Commission, ResearchAbstract
A lot of hype has been sparked by the words Chat, GPT (Generative Pretrained Transformer), and AI (artificial intelligence). The principle that nothing is truly free has perfectly aligned with the introduction of ChatGPT. Since its debut, so what is the penalty we are paying with the rising interchange of ideas with AI as the spontaneity and originality of human radiance are at risk? But it is important at the same time to adapt to the evolving world and smartly use these brilliant technologies to minimize and simplify workload with limitations. There are several uses of ChatGPT in every field including medical education, scientific research, public health, and medical assistance but with restricted ethical considerations. This comprehensive review represents the utilization of ChatGPT in the healthcare sector using data collected from the latest relevant articles, peer-reviewed research, and published reports.
Pak J Physiol 2025;21(3):58-63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v21i3.1720
Downloads
References
Ero?lu O, Ero?lu Y, Y?ld?r?m M, Karl?dag T, Ç?nar A, Akyi?it A, et al. Comparison of Computed Tomography-Based Artificial Intelligence Modeling and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Diagnosis of Cholesteatoma. J Int Adv Otol 2023;19(4):342–9.
Wójcik S, Rulkiewicz A, Pruszczyk P, Lisik W, Pobo?y M, Domienik-Kar?owicz J. Beyond ChatGPT: What does GPT-4 add to healthcare? The dawn of a new era. Cardiol J 2023;23(6):1018–25.
Deng J, Lin Y. The benefits and challenges of ChatGPT: An overview. Front Comput Intellig Syst. 2022;2(2):81–3.
De Angelis L, Baglivo F, Arzilli G, Privitera GP, Ferragina P, Tozzi AE, et al. ChatGPT and the rise of large language models: the new AI-driven infodemic threat in public health. Front Public Health 2023;11:1166120.
Korngiebel DM, Mooney SD. Considering the possibilities and pitfalls of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3 (GPT-3) in healthcare delivery. NPJ Digit Med 2021;4(1):93.
Sallam M. ChatGPT utility in healthcare education, research, and practice: systematic review on the promising perspectives and valid concerns. Healthcare (Basel) 2023;11(6)887.
Singhal K, Azizi S, Tu T, Mahdavi SS, Wei J, Chung HW, et al. Large language models encode clinical knowledge. Nature 2023;620(7972):172–80.
Nori H, King N, McKinney SM, Carignan D, Horvitz E. Capabilities of GPT-4 on medical challenge problems. arXiv preprint arXiv 2023;2303.13375.
Clusmann J, Kolbinger FR, Muti HS, Carrero ZI, Eckardt JN, Laleh NG, et al. The future landscape of large language models in medicine. Commun Med 2023;3(1):141.
Sinsky C, Colligan L, Li L, Prgomet M, Reynolds S, Goeders L, et al. Allocation of physician time in ambulatory practice: a time and motion study in 4 specialties. Ann Intern Med 2016;165(11):753–60.
Becker G, Kempf DE, Xander CJ, Momm F, Olschewski M, Blum HE. Four minutes for a patient, twenty seconds for a relative an observational study at a university hospital. BMC Health Serv Res 2010;10:94.
Marr B. Revolutionizing healthcare: The top 14 uses of ChatGPT in medicine and wellness. 2023. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2023/03/02/revolutionizinghealthcare-the-top-14-uses-of-chatgpt-in-medicine-and-wellness (accessed June 29, 2023). [Accessed: 20 Mar 2024]
Baumgartner C. The potential impact of ChatGPT in clinical and translational medicine. Clin Transl Med 2023;13(3):e1206.
Ali SR, Dobbs TD, Hutchings HA, Whitaker IS. Using ChatGPT to write patient clinic letters. Lancet Digit Health 2023;5(4):e179–81.
Hampton JR, Harrison MJ, Mitchell JR, Prichard JS, Seymour C. Relative contributions of history-taking, physical examination, and laboratory investigation to diagnosis and management of medical outpatients. Br Med J 1975;2(5969):486–9.
Pfeiffer C, Madray H, Ardolino A, Willms J. The rise and fall of students’ skill in obtaining a medical history. Med Educ 1998;32(3):283–8.
Khan RA, Jawaid M, Khan AR, Sajjad M. ChatGPT-Reshaping medical education and clinical management. Pak J Med Sci 2023;39(2):605–7.
Shen Y, Heacock L, Elias J, Hentel KD, Reig B, Shih G, Moy L. ChatGPT and other large language models are double-edged swords. Radiology 2023;307(2):e230163.
Thorp HH. ChatGPT is fun, but not an author. Science 2023;379(6630):313.
Flanagin A, Bibbins-Domingo K, Berkwits M, Christiansen SL. Nonhuman ‘authors’ and implications for the integrity of scientific publication and medical knowledge. JAMA 2023;329(8):637–9.
Ali K, Barhom N, Tamimi F, Duggal M. ChatGPT—A double?edged sword for healthcare education? Implications for assessments of dental students. Eur J Dent Educ 2024;28(1):206–11.
Kung TH, Cheatham M, Medenilla A, Sillos C, De Leon L, Elepaño C, et al. Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: Potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models. PLoS Digit Health 2023;2(2):e0000198.
Gilson A, Safranek CW, Huang T, Socrates V, Chi L, Taylor RA, et al. How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Med Educ 2023;9:e45312.
Fija?ko N, Gosak L, Štiglic G, Picard CT, Douma MJ. Can ChatGPT pass the life support exams without entering the American heart association course? Resuscitation 2023;185:109732.
Han Z, Battaglia F, Udaiyar A, Fooks A, Terlecky SR. An explorative assessment of ChatGPT as an aid in medical education: Use it with caution. Med Tech 2024;46(5):657–64.
Nisar S, Aslam MS. Is ChatGPT a Good Tool for T&CM Students in Studying Pharmacology? 2023. Available from: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4324310
Wang X, Gong Z, Wang G, Jia J, Xu Y, Zhao J, et al. ChatGPT performs on the Chinese national medical licensing examination. J Med Syst 2023;47(1):86.
Huh S. Are ChatGPT’s knowledge and interpretation ability comparable to those of medical students in Korea for taking a parasitology examination? A descriptive study. J Educ Eval Health Prof 2023;20:1.
Hisan UK, Amri MM. ChatGPT and medical education: A double-edged sword. J Ped Educ Sci 2023;2(1):71–89.
Mogali SR. Initial impressions of ChatGPT for anatomy education. Anat Sci Educ 2024;17(2):444–7.
Chen TJ. ChatGPT and other artificial intelligence applications speed up scientific writing. J Chin Med Assoc 2023;86(4):351–3.
Arif TB, Munaf U, Ul-Haque I. The future of medical education and research: Is ChatGPT a blessing or blight in disguise? Med Educ Online 2023;28(1):2181052.
Fatani B. ChatGPT for future medical and dental research. Cureus 2023;15(4):e37285.
Lee JY. Can an artificial intelligence Chatbot be the author of a scholarly article? J Educ Eval Health Prof 2023;20:6.
Zielinski C, Winker M, Aggarwal R, Ferris L, Heinemann M, Lapeña JF, et al. Chatbots, ChatGPT, and Scholarly Manuscripts —WAME recommendations on ChatGPT and chatbots in relation to scholarly publications. Afro-Egypt J Infect Enem Dis 2023;13(1):75–9.
Salvagno M, Taccone FS, Gerli AG. Can artificial intelligence help for scientific writing? Crit Care 2023;27(1):75.
Lapeña JF Jr. A dozen years, A dozen roses. Philipp J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018;33(2):4–5.
Khalil M, Er E. Will ChatGPT get you caught? Rethinking of plagiarism detection. In: International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2023 Jun 9 (pp. 475–87). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Habibzadeh F. GPTZero Performance in Identifying Artificial Intelligence-Generated Medical Texts: A Preliminary Study. J Korean Med Sci 2023;38(38):e319.
Nguyen T T, Hatua A, Sung H. How to detect AI-Generated texts? 2023 IEEE 14th annual ubiquitous computing, electronics & mobile communication conference (UEMCON), New York (NY) USA; 2023. p. 0464–71.
Alhaidry HM, Fatani B, Alrayes JO, Almana AM, Alfhaed NK. ChatGPT in Dentistry: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2023;15(4):e38317.
Han Z, Battaglia F, Udaiyar A, Fooks A, Terlecky SR. An explorative assessment of ChatGPT as an aid in medical education: Use it with caution. Med Tech 2024:46(5):657–64.
Rudolph J, Tan S, Tan S. ChatGPT: Bullshit spewer or the end of traditional assessments in higher education? J App Learning Teaching 2023;6:642–63.
Haque MU, Dharmadasa I, Sworna ZT, Rajapakse RN, Ahmad H. I think this is the most disruptive technology: Exploring sentiments of ChatGPT early adopters using twitter data. arXiv preprint arXiv 2022;2212.05856.
Eggmann F, Weiger R, Zitzmann NU, Blatz MB. Implications of large language models such as ChatGPT for dental medicine. J Esth Restor Dent 2023;35(7):1098–102.
Alkaissi H, McFarlane SI. Artificial hallucinations in ChatGPT: implications in scientific writing. Cureus 2023;15(2):e35179.
Ray PP. ChatGPT: A comprehensive review on background, applications, key challenges, bias, ethics, limitations and future scope. Internet Things Cyber Phys Syst 2023;3:121–54.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Nimra Qaiser, Rabia Arshad

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The author(s) retain the copyrights and allow their publication in Pakistan Journal of Physiology, Pak J Physiol, PJP to be FREE for research and academic purposes. It can be downloaded and stored, printed, presented, projected, cited and quoted with full reference of, and acknowledgement to the author(s) and the PJP. The contents are published with an international CC-BY-ND-4.0 License.