ROLE OF β-2 GLYCOPROTEIN 1, ANTI-CARDIOLIPIN AND LUPUS ANTICOAGULANT ANTIBODIES IN DIAGNOSIS OF ANTI-PHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v22i2.1907Keywords:
Anti-cardiolipin, Anti-phospholipid syndrome, Lupus anticoagulant antibodies, β2 glycoprotein 1Abstract
Background: Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease in which the patient is in a hypercoagulable state leading to vascular thrombosis and obstetric morbidity and mortality. The aim of my study is to see the presence of Anti-β2 Glycoprotein 1 (Anti-β2GP1), Anti-cardiolipin (aCL) and lupus anticoagulant antibodies (LA) in patients suspected of APS. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in the Department of Chemical Pathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi. A total of 115 patients from Rheumatology and Gynaecology Departments having thrombotic episodes were tested for the presence of one or more of the antibodies namely, Anti-β2GP1, Anti-Cardiolipin and Lupus Anticoagulant Antibodies in their sera. Data was analysed using SPSS-27. Results: Among 115 patients, 53.9% had no antibody positive and were considered to be disease free. Positivity with LA was seen in 23.5% of the population while 15.7% were positive with aCL IgM and 13% positive with aCL IgG. As regards Anti-β2GP1 IgM 8.7% and IgG 15.7% were positive in each assay. All parameters had low sensitivity but high specificity and negative predictive value. The diagnostic accuracy of aCL IgG and IgM was 77.3% and 74.7% respectively. Conclusion: Anti-β2GP1, aCL, and LA are valuable markers for the diagnosis of APS. They are better markers having a high specificity and negative predictive value.
Pak J Physiol 2026;22(2):83–5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v22i2.1907
Downloads
References
Arreola-Diaz R, Majluf-Cruz A, Sanchez-Torres LE, Hernandez-Juarez J. The pathophysiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome: A Perspective from the blood coagulation system. Clin Appl Thromb. 2022;28:10760296221088576.
Saadia A, Khan SH, Khan MD. Familial clustering of antiphospholipid syndrome. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2019;29(12):1221–4.
Knight JS, Kanthi Y. Mechanisms of immunothrombosis and vasculopathy in antiphospholipid syndrome. Semin Immunopathol 2022;44(3):347–62.
O’Leary RE, Hsiao JL, Worswick SD. Antiphospholipid syndrome in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Cutis 2017;99(3):E21–4.
Marziale A, Bettacchioli E, Picart G, Nafai S, Galinat H, Meroni PL, et al. Antiphospholipid autoantibody detection is important in all patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2020;115:102524.
Melayah S, Changuel M, Mankaï A, Ghedira I. IgA is the predominant isotype of anti‐β2 glycoprotein I antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Lab Anal 2020;34(6):e23217.
Lim W. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2013;2013:675–80.
Naru T, Khurshid M, Nazir Z. Maternal and fetal complications of antiphospholipid syndrome: a case report with long-term follow-up. J Pak Med Assoc 2006;56(2):84–6.
Barbhaiya M, Zuily S, Naden R, Hendry A, Manneville F, Amigo MC, et al. The 2023 ACR / EULAR Antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023;75(10):1687–702.
Bustamante JG, Goyal A, Rout P, Singhal M. Antiphospholipid Syndrome. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 [cited 2025 Jan 24]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430980/
McDonnell T, Wincup C, Buchholz I, Pericleous C, Giles I, Ripoll V, et al. The role of beta-2-glycoprotein I in health and disease associating structure with function: More than just APS. Blood Rev 2020;39:100610.
De Groot PG, Urbanus RT. The significance of autoantibodies against β2-glycoprotein I. Blood 2012;120(2):266–74.
Jafry NH, Mubarak M, Ahmed E, Akhtar F. Catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome as a first manifestation of primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in a middle-aged man. CEN Case Rep 2020;9(2):152–8.
Mushtaq MZ, Ahsan Ali S, Sattar Z, Mahmood SBZ, Amber T, Riaz M. A retrospective review of antiphospholipid syndrome from a South Asian country. Arch Rheumatol 2022;37(1):31–9.
Siniscalchi C, Basaglia M, Riva M, Meschi M, Meschi T, Castaldo G, et al. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: A Review. Immuno 2023;4(1):1–13.
Keeling D, Mackie I, Moore GW, Greer IA, Greaves M, British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines on the investigation and management of antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Haematol 2012;157(1):47–58.
Knight JS, Branch DW, Ortel TL. Antiphospholipid syndrome: advances in diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management. BMJ 2023;e069717.
Díaz-Coronado JC, Herrera-Uribe S, Hernández-Parra D, Betancur-Vásquez L, Lacouture-Fierro J, González-Hurtado D, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS): Clinical and immunoserological differences between primary and secondary APS in a Colombian cohort. Rev Colomb Reumatol (English Ed.) 2021;28(3):191–6.
Vandevelde A, Devreese KMJ. Laboratory Diagnosis of Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Insights and Hindrances. J Clin Med 2022;11(8):2164.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Humaira Ali, Erum Salim, Tahira Perveen, Shazia Naureen, Junaid Mahmood Alam, Syeda Rida e Zehra
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The author(s) retain the copyrights and allow their publication in Pakistan Journal of Physiology/Pak J Physiol/PJP to be FREE for research and academic purposes. It can be downloaded and stored, printed, presented, projected, cited and quoted with full reference of, and acknowledgement to the author(s) and the PJP. The contents are published with an international CC-BY-ND-4.0 License.
