FREQUENCY OF DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS
Keywords:
Diabetes mellitus, Depression, Hyerglycaemia, Co-morbid, ComplicationsAbstract
Background: Co-morbid depression in diabetics is associated with hyperglycaemia, diabetic complications and poor compliance. Aim of study is to access the frequency of clinically relevant depressive symptoms in adults with type 1 and 2 diabetes and find their association with gender and age of the patient. Method: It was a cross-sectional study. The study was conducted in outpatient department of CMH Lahore for a period of six months. We included patients diagnosed with diabetes type 1 or 2 along with depressive symptoms. Any known case of depressive or personality disorder diagnosed before the onset of diabetes and those having a significant known medical history prior to/along with the development of diabetes were excluded from the study. Depression was gauged using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder-IV (DSM-IV) criteria. Chi square test was used to access the association between depression among diabetics with age and gender. Results: A total of 340 patients, 191 (56.2%) males and 149 (43.8%) females were included, out of which 304 (90.9%) qualified DSM-IV criteria for having depression. Out of 191 males, 160 presented with depressive symptoms whereas all female diabetics had depression. Chi-square value for gender association was 27 (statistically significant, p=0.000) and for age Chi-square value was 1.391, (statistically significant, p=0.014) with a peak at 55 years of age and a count of 40 patients. Conclusion: Presence of diabetes increases the frequency of depression along with significant association of age and gender of diabetics with co-morbid depression.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Depression, Hyperglycaemia, Co-morbid, Complications
Pak J Physiol 2018;14(2):31–3
Downloads
References
2. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, (Eds). Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders; 2015.
3. Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes care 2001;24:1069–78.
4. Brown LC, Majumdar SR, Newman SC, Johnson JA. History of depression increases risk of type 2 diabetes in younger adults. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1063–7.
5. Edege LE, Zheng D, Simpson K. Comorbid depression associated with increased health care use and expenditures in individual with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25:464–70.
6. Wilson W, Ary DV, Biglan A, Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ, Campbell DR. Psychosocial predictors of self-care behaviors (compliance) and glycemic control in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1986;9(6):614–22.
7. Slawson PF, Flynn WR, Kollar EJ. Psychological factors associated with the onset of diabetes mellitus. JAMA 1963;185:166–70.
8. Robinson N, Fuller JH, Edmeades SP. Depression and Diabetes. Diabet Med 1988;5(3):268–74.
9. Hassan K, Loar R, Anderson BJ, Heptulla RA. The role of socioeconomic status, depression, quality of life, and glycemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr 2006;149(4):526–31.
10. Piccinelli M. Gender differences in depression: Critical review. Br J Psychiatry 2000;177(6):486–92.
11. Kaur G, Tee GH, Ariaratnam S, Krishnapillai AS, China K. Depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among diabetics in Malaysia: A cross sectional study in an urban primary care setting. BMC Fam Pract 2013;14:69.
12. Musselman DL, Betan E, Larsen H, Phillips LS. Relationship of depression to diabetes types 1 and 2: Epidemiology, biology, and treatment. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54:317–29.
13. Katon W. Depression and diabetes: Unhealthy bedfellows. Depress Anxiety 2010;27:323–6
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Pakistan Journal of Physiology, Pak J Physiol, PJP is FREE for research and academic purposes. It can be freely downloaded and stored, printed, presented, cited and quoted with full reference of, and acknowledgement to the PJP.
