PATTERN OF CONVENTIONAL RISK FACTORS IN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE PATIENTS
Keywords:
coronary artery disease, risk factorsAbstract
Background: Western countries have succeeded in controlling coronary artery disease (CAD) mortality and morbidity associated with modifiable risk factors. Lack of awareness among people and absence of a concrete health strategy for protection against preventable causes of CAD continues to be a significant problem in Pakistan. This study aimed to measure the pattern of conventional risk factors of CAD. Methods: This was a descriptive study conducted at Department of Physiology, CMH Lahore Medical College, from February 2012 to June 2012. We recruited 100 physician diagnosed cases of CAD including 65 males and 35 females. We recorded detailed history of each patient regarding presence of conventional risk factors including type 2 diabetes (T2DM), smoking, hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia, physical inactivity, emotional or physical stress and a family history for CAD. The association of categorical variables like gender and age group with risk factors was analyzed for statistical significance. Results: We found clustering of risk factors in higher age category patients. Male gender was significantly associated with smoking (p<0.0001), HTN (p=0.02) and stress (p=0.03). Whereas, T2DM (p<0.0001) and physical inactivity (p=0.01) were associated with female gender. In our study, smoking was more prevalent in younger patients (p=0.02). However, HTN (p=0.04), T2DM (p<0.0001) and hyperlipidemia (p<0.01) was more prevalent in higher age category. Conclusion: In the absence of population based prevention strategies, increasing numbers of people will succumb to CAD due to continuing exposure to modifiable risk factors.
Pak J Physiol 2013;9(2):19–22
Downloads
References
2. Paula Younger. World Health Databook 2007/2008. London: Euromonitor International Ltd; 2008.
3. World Health Organization. Risk Factors. http://www.who.int/topics/risk_factors/en [Accessed April 15, 2013].
4. Mendis S. The contribution of the Framingham Heart Study to the prevention of cardiovascular disease: A global perspective. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2010;53:10–4.
5. Tunstall-Pedoe H, (Ed). World largest study of heart disease, stroke, risk factors and population trends, 1979–2002. MONICA Monograph and Multimedia Sourcebook, MONICA Project. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
6. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al, on behalf of the INTERHEART Investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (The INTERHEART study): Case-control study. Lancet 2004;364:937–52.
7. In Memoriam: William B. Kannel (1923-2011). Tex Heart Inst J 2011;38:615–6.
8. British Nutrition Foundation. Diet and Heart Disease: a Round Table of Factors. London: Chapman and Hall London; 1997.
9. Motlagh B, O’Donnell M, Yusuf S. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the Middle East: a systematic review. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2009;16:268–80.
10. Shihadeh A, Saleh R. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, ‘tar’, and nicotine in the mainstream smoke aerosol of the narghile water pipe. Food ChemToxicol 2005;43:655–61.
11. Anand SS, Islam S, Rosengren A, Franzosi MG, Steyn K, Yusufali AH, et al, on behalf of the INTERHEART Investigators. Risk factors for myocardial infarction in women and men: insights from the INTERHEART study. Eur Heart J 2008;29:932–40.
12. Jan AF, Mujtaba SF, Naseeb K, Fatima K, Iqbal K, Khatri A, et al. Gender differences in risk factor profile and distribution of coronary artery disease among patients undergoing coronary angiography. Pak Heart J 2012;45:220–4.
13. World Health Organization. Integrated management of cardiovascular risk: report of a WHO meeting Geneva, 9–12 July 2002. Geneva: 2002.
14. Mendis S, Puska P, Norrving B, (Eds). Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Pakistan Journal of Physiology, Pak J Physiol, PJP is FREE for research and academic purposes. It can be freely downloaded and stored, printed, presented, cited and quoted with full reference of, and acknowledgement to the PJP.
