COLOUR VISION DEFICIENCY (CVD) IN MEDICAL STUDENTS

Authors

  • Irfan Ahmed Mughal Department of Anatomy, Independent Medical College
  • Liaqat Ali University Medical & Dental College, Faisalabad
  • Nasir Aziz Nawaz Sharif Medical College, Gujrat
  • Khalid Mehmood Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad
  • Naila Afzal Department of Anatomy, Independent Medical College

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v9i1.319

Keywords:

Ishihara’s Charts (Plates), Colour vision deficiency, Colour blindness

Abstract

Background: The incidence of Colour vision deficiency varies from race to race and different in different geographical areas. Colour is very important sign used in medical profession, but there is no effective screening for Colour Vision Deficiency (CVD) at any level of medical profession. With the introduction of OSPE / OSCE in university examinations in Pakistan at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, the students with CVD may feel difficulty in identifying colour slides, lab instruments, specimens and examining patients leading to failure in the examination so this study is aimed to find out the incidence of CVD in medical students. Methods: A total of 2,000 medical students including 750 males and 1,250 females between ages 18–21 years were examined for CVD in different Medical colleges of Faisalabad. Each student of 1st year MBBS class without occular abnormality was shown the complete range of Ishihara’s plates under day light conditions at normal reading distance. Results: Participant’s colour vision was tested using Ishihara’s Charts (Plates). Among 750 boys, 18 were colour deficient (2.4 %). Among 1250 girls, 56 were colour deficient (4.48 %). These results are discussed in relation to other studies and data on colour vision. Conclusion: With this incidence of colour vision deficiency, the students with CVD may feel difficulty in identifying colour slides, lab instruments, specimens and examining patients leading to failure in examination and difficulty in medical practice.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. Vision. In: Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology. 23rd ed. New Dehli: Tata McGraw Hill Education Private limited; 2010. p.195–7.
2. Dalton J. Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colors: with observations. Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester 1798;5:28–45.
3. Colors for color blind. (Clinical information) 2011; Available at: http://www.teledo-bend.com/color blind/cbinfo.asp.
4. Mollon D, Kanwaljit S, Hunt D, Hunt DM. Dalton’s colour blindness: an essay in molecular biography. In: Dickinson C, Murray I, Carden D, (Eds). John Dalton’s colour vision legacy. Selected proceedings of the International Conference, Bristol 1995.
5. Bradley N. Color blindness: notes on its development and clinical significance. Int J Psychol 1970;51:59–70.
6. Mollon JD. Color vision. Ann Rev Psychol 1982;33:41–85.
7. Wandell BA. The foundations of vision. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates (1995). xvi.476 pp.
8. Hubel DH. Eye, brain and vision. Scientific American Library Series, No. 22. New York, NY, US: Scientific American Library/Scientific American Books;(1995). viii 242 pp.
9. Birch J. The diagnosis of defective colour vision. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1993.
10. MacAdam DL. Visual sensitivities to color differences in day light. J Opt Soc Am 1942;32:247–74.
11. Bruner JS, Pistman L, Rodrighes J. Expectations and the perception of color. Am J Psych 1951;64:216–27.
12. Duncker K. The influence of past experience on perceptual properties. Am J Psychol 1939;52:255–65.
13. Color Blindness: Genetics. Available at http://www.buzzle.com/ articles/colour-blindness-genetics.html.
14. Spalding JAB. Color vision deficiency in medical profession. Br J Gen Prac 1999;49(443):469–75.
15. Nathans J, Piantanida TP, Eddy RL, Shows TB, Hogness DS. Molecular Denetics of Inherited Variation in Human Color Vision. Science 1986;232:203–10.
16. Color blindness: More prevalent among males. Available at: http://www.hhmi.org/sewes/b130.htm.
17. Ruddock KH. Acquired deficiencies of human color vision. Bailliere’s Clinical Neurology. London: Bailliere Tindall;1993.
18. Lakowski R. Is deterioration of color discrimination with age due to lens or retinal changes? Die Fabre 1962;11:69–86.
19. Francois J, Verriest G. Nouvelle observations de deficiencies acquises de la discrimination chromatique. Annales D’Oculistique 1968;201:1097–114.
20. Schneck ME, Lott LA, Haegerstrom-Portnoy G, Brabyn JA. Association between hearing and vision impairments in older adults. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2012;32(1):45–52.
21. Campbell JL, Spalding JAB, Mir FA. The description of physical signs of illness in photographs by physicians with abnormal colour vision. Clinical and Experimental Optometry 2004;87(4–5):334–8.
22. Cole, Barry L. Assessment of inherited colour vision defects in clinical practice. Clinical and Experimental Optometry 2007;90(3):157–75.
23. Spalding JAB. Colour vision deficiency in medical profession. Br J Gen Pract 1999;49:469–75.
24. Cole BL. The handicap of abnormal color vision. Clinical and Experimental Optometry 2004;87(4–5):258–75.
25. Niroula, Saba. The incidence of colour blindness among some school children of Pokhara, West Nepal. Nepal Med Coll J 2010;12(1):48–50.
26. Poole CJM, Hill DJ, Christie JL, Birch J. Defective colour vision and interpretation of histopathology slides: cross sectional study Br Med J 1997;315:1279–81.
27. Vijyalakshmi M, Naidu JM, Suryanar. Blood group ABH Saliva secretions and colour vision deficiency in Hindu casts and religious group of West Godavari, Andhra Pardesh India. Anthropol Anz;1994;52(4):305–13.
28. Spalding JAB. Medical students and congenital color vision deficiency; unnoticed problems and the case for screening. Occup Med 1999;49:247–52.
29. Sadighan M. Colour blindness among medical students. Pakistan J Med Res 1974;13(4):91–2.
30. Logan JS. The disability in so called red green blindness. An account based on many years of self observation. Ulster Med J 1977;46:41–5.
31. Davison SP, Mysilinski NR. Shade selection by color vision defective dental personnel. J Prosth Dent 1990;63:97–101.
32. Olson IA. The use of colour filters by students with congenital color defects in the learning of histology. Med Biol Illus 1971;21(1):52–3.
33. Color blindness; more prevalent among males. Available at: http://www.hhmi.org/sences/b130.html.
34. Tocantins LM, Jones JW. Defective color vision and its handicaps in medicine. Am J Sci 1993;293:243–9.
35. Iinuma, Handa Y. A consideration of racial incidence of congenital dyschromats in males and females. Med Probl Ophthal 1976;17:151–7.
36. Aspinal PA, Hill AR, Cameron D. An evaluation of the Ames Clinitest. In: Verriest G (Ed). Colour vision deficiency V. Proceedings of the International Research Group on Colour Vision Deficiencies 1979. Bristol: Adam Hilger, 1980.
37. Allwood MC, Tyler R. Color vision and blood glucose self monitoring in diabetics. Pract Diabetes Int 1988;5(3):110–2.
38. Koningsberger JC, ban Norden D, van Niel JCG, Dekker W. Does color vision deficiency in the endoscopists influence the accuracy of endoscopic diagnosis? An anonymous study with Dutch gastrointestinal endoscopists. Endoscopy 1994;26:549–53.
39. Spalding JAB. Doctors with inherited color vision deficiency: their difficulties in clinical work. In: Cavonius CR (Ed). Color vision deficiencies XII. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic 1997;20:483–9.
40. Bradley JW. Disease Diagnosis and Decision. Chichester, UK: Jon Wiley and Sons;1986.p.49–69.
41. Color blindness: Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia. Available at: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlinePlus/ency/article/001002.html
42. Mancuso K, Hauswirth WW, Li Q, Connor TB, Kuchenbecker JA, Mauck MC, et al. Gene therapy for red-green color blindness in adult primates. Nature 2009;461(7265):784–7.
43. Flatla DR. Accessibility for individuals with color vision deficiency. ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and computing: 2012;102:8–12.

Downloads

Published

30-06-2013

How to Cite

1.
Mughal IA, Ali L, Aziz N, Mehmood K, Afzal N. COLOUR VISION DEFICIENCY (CVD) IN MEDICAL STUDENTS. Pak J Phsyiol [Internet]. 2013 Jun. 30 [cited 2024 Dec. 22];9(1):14-6. Available from: https://pjp.pps.org.pk/index.php/PJP/article/view/319

Issue

Vol. 9 No. 1 (2013): Pakistan Journal of Physiology

Section

Original Article

License

Pakistan Journal of Physiology, Pak J Physiol, PJP is FREE for research and academic purposes. It can be freely downloaded and stored, printed, presented, projected, cited and quoted with full reference of, and acknowledgement to the author(s) and the PJP. The contents are published with an international CC-BY-ND-4.0 License.