MENOPAUSE SYMPTOMS AND CLIMACTERIC DEPRESSION IN WOMEN WITH AND WITHOUT HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY

Authors

  • Tamkeen Saleem Department of Psychology, International Islamic University Islamabad
  • Wardah Ishfaq Department of Psychology, International Islamic University Islamabad
  • Shemaila Saleem Department of Physiology, Federal Medical & Dental College, Islamabad

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v13i1.266

Keywords:

Menopause, Depression, Hormone Replacement Therapy

Abstract

Background: Menopause causes deterioration of functioning in routine, social, and sexual life of women. The objective of present study was to compare menopause symptoms and climacteric depression in women with and without hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in the Gynaecology Wards of hospitals and private clinics in Rawalpindi/Islamabad, from September 2015 to January 2016. One hundred menopausal women were included through non-probability purposive sampling. The subjects were divided into two groups of 50 each with and without hormone replacement therapy. The study variables were measured through Menopause Rating Scale and MENO-D. Results: Psychometric properties showed high reliability of study instruments, for MENO-D (α=0.79) and Menopause Rating Scale (α=0.93). Women not taking hormone replacement therapy reported severe symptoms of menopause and climacteric depression in comparison to women taking hormone replacement therapy (p<0.001). Conclusion: The menopausal symptoms are less in women taking HRT. Hormone replacement therapy is beneficial for controlling severity of climacteric depression. The women may enjoy better mental health with hormone replacement therapy.

Pak J Physiol 2017;13(1):43–5

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Hunter M, Rendall M. Bio-psycho-socio-cultural perspectives on menopause. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2007;21(2):261–74.
2. Blumel JE, Castelo-Branco C, Binfa L, Gramegna G, Tacla X, Aracena B, et al. Quality of life after the menopause: a population study. Maturitas 2000;34(1):17–23.
3. Hassa H, Tanir HM, Yildirim A, Senses T, Oge T, MutluFS. Associated factors with urogenital score in natural andsurgical menopause. Maturitas 2005;16:65–9.
4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5TM) (5th ed). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
5. Steiner M, Dunn E, Born L. Hormones and mood: from menarche to menopause and beyond. J Affect Disord 2003;74(1):67–83.
6. Soares CN, Frey BN. Challenges and opportunities to manage depression during the menopausal transition and beyond. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2010;33(2):295–308.
7. Studd JW. A guide to the treatment of depression in women by estrogens. Climacteric. 2011;14(6):637–42.
8. Nappi RE, Tonani S, Santamaria V, Ornati A, Albani F, Pisani C, et al. Luteal phase dysphoric disorder and premenstrual syndrome. It J Psych 2009;28:27–33.
9. Agbapuonwu IC, Okeke NE, Makachi JE, Orji MC, Odira CC. Psychological experiences and adaptation strategies by menopausal women in a rural community in Anambra State Nigeria. J Harmoniz Res Med Health Sci 2015;2(1):6–11.
10. Duff SJ, Hampson E. A beneficial effect of estrogen on working memory in postmenopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy. Horm Behav 2000;38(4):262–76.
11. Hamid S, Al-Ghufli FR, Raeesi HA, Al-Dhufairi KM, Al-Dhaheri NS, Al-Maskari F, et al. Women’s knowledge, attitude and practice towards menopause and hormone replacement therapy: a facility based study in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2014;26(4):448–54.
12. Lewin KJ, Sinclair HK, Bond CM. Women’s knowledge of and attitudes towards hormone replacement therapy. Family Pract 2003;20:112–9.
13. Barrett-Connor E. Hormone replacement therapy, clinical review. Br Med J 1998;317:457–61.
14. Glaser R, York AE, Dimitrakakis C. Beneficial effects of testosterone therapy in women measured by the validated Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Maturitas 2011;68(4):355–61.
15. Sinclair HK, Bond CM, Taylor RJ. Hormone replacement therapy: a study of women’s knowledge and attitudes. Br J Gen Pract 1993;43(374):365–70.
16. Adhi M, Hasan R, Shoaib S, Tauheed S. Age and symptomatology of menopause in Karachi, Pakistan. Pak J Physiol 2007;3(1):41–4.
17. Shaheen S, Mahmood A, Kadri F. Menopause and HRT: clinical pattern and awareness. Professional Med J 2015;22(7):904–9.
18. Hauser GA, Huber IC, Keller PJ, Lauritzen C, Schneider HPG. [Evaluation der klinischen Beschwerden (Menopause Rating Scale)]. Zentralbl Gynakol 1994;116:16–23. [Article in German]
19. Kulkarni J. MENO-D: A rating scale to detect depression in menopause. Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Melbourne. Available from: http://www.maprc.org.au/rating-scale-detect-depression-menopause [Accessed 20 Feb 2017]
20. Bosworth HB, Bastian LA, Kuchibhatla MN, Steffens DC, McBride CM, Skinner CS, et al. Depressive symptoms, menopausal status, and climacteric symptoms in women at midlife. Psychosomatic Medicine 2001;63(4):603–8.
21. Palacios S. Advances in hormone replacement therapy: making the menopause manageable. BMC Women’s Health 2008;8(1):22.
22. Morrison MF, Kallan MJ, Ten Have T, Katz I, Tweedy K, Battistini M. Lack of efficacy of estradiol for depression in postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. Biol Psychiatr 2004;55(4):406–12.
23. Glaser R, York AE, Dimitrakakis C. Beneficial effects of testosterone therapy in women measured by the validated Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Maturitas 2011;68(4):355–61.

Downloads

Published

31-03-2017

How to Cite

1.
Saleem T, Ishfaq W, Saleem S. MENOPAUSE SYMPTOMS AND CLIMACTERIC DEPRESSION IN WOMEN WITH AND WITHOUT HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY. Pak J Phsyiol [Internet]. 2017 Mar. 31 [cited 2024 Oct. 5];13(1):43-5. Available from: https://pjp.pps.org.pk/index.php/PJP/article/view/266