FREQUENCY OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS AND THE ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AMONG WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v20i3.1755Keywords:
gestational diabetes mellitus, ppolycystic ovary syndrome, glucose levelsAbstract
Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a significant risk factor for developing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of GDM and the associated risk factors among women with PCOS. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done at CMH, Dera Ismail Khan from Aug 2023 to Aug 2024. Participants underwent 75 g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) between 24–28 weeks as part of screening for GDM. Data was analysed on SPSS-24. Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney test, Independent t-test, and Chi-square test were applied, and p?0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study included a total of 296 pregnant women with 148 (50.0%) having PCOS and 148 (50.0%) without PCOS. The frequency of GDM was 45.3% and 27.7% among PCOS and non-PCOS women respectively. There existed a significant variation between the GDM and non-GDM groups with reference to the current menstrual status (p<0.001) and menstrual patterns (p=0.007). The use of metformin was significantly associated with reducing the occurrence of GDM (p=0.002). No statistically significant differences were observed in serum levels of LH (p=0.797), FSH, and free testosterone level between the GDM and non-GDM groups. Conclusion: Women with PCOS are at higher risk of developing GDM. GDM screening should be offered at 24–28 weeks in PCOS women with history of irregular menses.
Pak J Physiol 2024;20(3):67–70, DOI: https://doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v20i3.1755
Downloads
References
Szlapinski SK, Hill DJ. Metabolic adaptations to pregnancy in healthy and gestational diabetic pregnancies: the pancreas-placenta axis. Current Vasc Pharmacol 2021;19(2):141–53.
Gic? N, Hulu?? I. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. In: Chlup R, (Ed). Type 2 Diabetes in 2024 —From Early Suspicion to Effective Management. IntechOpen; 2023.
Coustan DR. Diabetes in pregnancy. In: Winn HN, Chervenak FA, Romero R, (Eds). Clinical maternal-fetal medicine. CRC Press; 2021.p. 16.1–9.
Bhavadharini B, Mohan V. Gestational diabetes mellitus: Screening diagnosis, and management. In: Mohan V, Shekar MA, Rao GHR, (Eds). Current trends in diabetes focus on South Asians. JAYPEE Brothers; 2021.p. 247–57.
Plows JF, Stanley JL, Baker PN, Reynolds CM, Vickers MH. The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19(11):3342.
Oskovi-Kaplan ZA, Ozgu-Erdinc AS. Management of gestational diabetes mellitus. In: Islam SM, (Ed). Diabetes: from Research to Clinical Practice. Cham: Springer; 2021.p. 257–72.
Moon JH, Jang HC. Gestational diabetes mellitus: diagnostic approaches and maternal-offspring complications. Diabetes Metab J 2022;46(1):3–14.
Joham AE, Norman RJ, Stener-Victorin E, Legro RS, Franks S, Moran LJ, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022;10(9):668–80.
Mishra S, Pal S, Tiwari M. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: A literature Review. Int J Yogic Hum Mov Sports Sci 2023;8:32–4.
Adone A, Fulmali DG. Polycystic ovarian syndrome in adolescents. Cureus 2023;15(1):e34183.
Siddiqui S, Mateen S, Ahmad R, Moin S. A brief insight into the etiology, genetics, and immunology of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). J Assist Reprod Genet 2022;39(11):2439–73.
Toulis KA, Goulis DG, Kolibianakis EM, Venetis CA, Tarlatzis BC, Papadimas I. Risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2009;92(2):667–77.
Slouha E, Alvarez VC, Gates KM, Ankrah NM, Clunes LA, Kollias TF. Gestational diabetes mellitus in the setting of polycystic ovarian syndrome: A systematic review. Cureus 2023;15(12):e50725.
American Diabetes Association. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2004;27(Suppl1):S88–90.
Bahri Khomami M, Joham AE, Boyle JA, Piltonen T, Silagy M, Arora C, et al. Increased maternal pregnancy complications in polycystic ovary syndrome appear to be independent of obesity –A systematic review, meta?analysis, and meta?regression. Obes Rev 2019;20(5):659–74.
Ashrafi M, Sheikhan F, Arabipoor A, Hosseini R, Nourbakhsh F, Zolfaghari Z. Gestational diabetes mellitus risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014;181:195–9.
Levran D, Shoham Z, Habib D, Greenwald M, Nebel L, Mashiach S. Glucose tolerance in pregnant women following treatment for sterility. Int J Fertil 1990;35(3):157–9.
Radon PA, McMahon MJ, Meyer WR. Impaired glucose tolerance in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1999;94(2):194–7.
Reyes-Muñoz E, Castellanos-Barroso G, Ramírez-Eugenio BY, Ortega-González C, Parra A, Castillo-Mora A, et al. The risk of gestational diabetes mellitus among Mexican women with a history of infertility and polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2012;97(6):1467–71.
Turhan NÖ, Seckin NC, Aybar F, Inegöl I. Assessment of glucose tolerance and pregnancy outcome of polycystic ovary patients. Int J Obstet Gynecol 2003;81(2):163–8.
Khattab S, Mohsen IA, Aboul Foutouh I, Ashmawi HS, Mohsen MN, Van Wely M, et al. Can metformin reduce the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome? Prospective cohort study. Gynecol Endocrinol 2011;27(10):789–93.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Pakistan Journal of Physiology, Pak J Physiol, PJP is FREE for research and academic purposes. It can be freely downloaded and stored, printed, presented, projected, cited and quoted with full reference of, and acknowledgement to the author(s) and the PJP. The contents are published with an international CC-BY-ND-4.0 License.
