EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO VIOLENT CONTENT OF VIDEO-GAMES ON EVOLUTION OF AGGRESSIVE AND SUICIDAL BEHAVIOURS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v20i3.1550Keywords:
aggression, violence, video games, suicidal ideation, medical students, medical educationAbstract
Background: Exposure to violent video games leads to aggressive and suicidal behaviours. The objective of this study was to compare violence exposure, degree of aggression and suicidal ideation between non-video gamers (NVGs), non-violent video gamers (NVVGs), and violent video gamers (VVGs), and to correlate degree of violence exposure to intensity of aggression and suicidal ideation. Methods: Thirty-six subjects were included in each of NVGs, NVVGs and VVGs groups. Exposure to violence was evaluated through Video Game Questionnaire (VGQ), degree of aggression via Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ), and severity of suicidal ideation through Suicide Behaviours Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). ANOVA, Post Hoc Tukey’s test, and Pearson’s correlation were used for data analysis. Results: Degree of violence exposure was significantly different between NVGs, NVVGs and VVGs (p=0.000), and so was intensity of physical-aggression, verbal-aggression, anger, hostility, and suicidal ideation (p=0.000 respectively). Degree of violence experienced by NVVGs and VVGs depicted a positive correlation with intensity of physical aggression [(r=0.467, p=0.004) and (r=0.546, p=0.001) respectively], verbal aggression [(r=0.401, p=0.015) and (r=0.476, p=0.003) respectively], anger [(r=0.564, p=0.000) and (r=0.485, p=0.003) respectively], hostility [(r=0.484, p=0.003) and (r=0.440, p=0.007) respectively] as well as suicidal ideation [(r=0.827, p=0.000) and (r=0.604, p=0.000) respectively] while physical-aggression, verbal-aggression, anger and hostility scores showed an independent positive correlation with suicidal likelihood in both NVVGs and VVGs [(r=0.451, p=0.006), (r=0.484, p=0.003), (r=0.480, p=0.003), (r=0.384, p=0.021), and (r=0.441, p=0.007), (r=0.442, p=0.007), (r=0.458, p=0.005), (r=0.491, p=0.002) respectively]. Conclusion: Exposure to violent video games creates aggression associated suicidal tendency.
Pak J Physiol 2024;20(3):27?30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v20i3.1550
Downloads
References
2. Tear MJ, Nielsen M. Failure to demonstrate that playing violent video games diminishes prosocial behavior. PLoS One. 2013 Jul 3;8(7):e68382. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068382. PMID: 23844191; PMCID: PMC3700923.
3. Siever LJ. Neurobiology of aggression and violence. Am J Psychiatry. 2008 Apr;165(4):429-42. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111774. Epub 2008 Mar 17. PMID: 18346997; PMCID: PMC4176893.
4. Allen JJ, Anderson CA, Bushman BJ. The General Aggression Model. Curr Opin Psychol. 2018 Feb;19:75-80. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.034. Epub 2017 Apr 13. PMID: 29279227.
5. Sun Y, Lu X, Williams M, Thompson WF. Implicit violent imagery processing among fans and non-fans of music with violent themes. R Soc Open Sci. 2019 Mar 13;6(3):181580. doi: 10.1098/rsos.181580. PMID: 31032016; PMCID: PMC6458399.
6. Nassif JB, Felthous AR. Mapping the neurocircuitry of impulsive aggression through the pharmacologic review of anti?impulsive aggressive agents. Journal of forensic sciences. 2022 May;67(3):844-53.
7. Fanti KA, Kyranides MN, Georgiou G, Petridou M, Colins OF, Tuvblad C, Andershed H. Callous-unemotional, impulsive-irresponsible, and grandiose-manipulative traits: Distinct associations with heart rate, skin conductance, and startle responses to violent and erotic scenes. Psychophysiology. 2017 May;54(5):663-672. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12837. Epub 2017 Feb 7. PMID: 28169424.
8. Klasen M, Zvyagintsev M, Schwenzer M, Mathiak KA, Sarkheil P, Weber R, Mathiak K. Quetiapine modulates functional connectivity in brain aggression networks. Neuroimage. 2013 Jul 15;75:20-26. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.053. Epub 2013 Mar 7. PMID: 23501053.
9. Gouveia FV, Hamani C, Fonoff ET, Brentani H, Alho EJL, de Morais RMCB, de Souza AL, Rigonatti SP, Martinez RCR. Amygdala and Hypothalamus: Historical Overview With Focus on Aggression. Neurosurgery. 2019 Jul 1;85(1):11-30. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyy635. PMID: 30690521; PMCID: PMC6565484.
10. Stanley B, Michel CA, Galfalvy HC, Keilp JG, Rizk MM, Richardson-Vejlgaard R, Oquendo MA, Mann JJ. Suicidal subtypes, stress responsivity and impulsive aggression. Psychiatry Res. 2019 Oct;280:112486. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112486. Epub 2019 Jul 16. PMID: 31376789; PMCID: PMC7027392.
11. Masood A, Kamran F, Qaisar S, Ashraf F. Anger, Impulsivity, Academic Stress and Suicidal Risk in suicide Ideators and Normal Cohorts. Journal of Behavioural Sciences. 2018 Dec 1;28(2).
12. Iftikhar R, Malik F. Translation and validation of aggression questionnaire in a Pakistani children cohort. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2014;12(1):39.
13. Anderson CA, Dill KE. Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000 Apr;78(4):772-90. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.78.4.772. PMID: 10794380.
14. Kostorz K, Sas-Nowosielski K. Aggression Dimensions Among Athletes Practising Martial Arts and Combat Sports. Front Psychol. 2021 Jul 9;12:696943. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.696943. PMID: 34305756; PMCID: PMC8299414.
15. Raudales AM, Weiss NH, Dixon-Gordon KL, Contractor AA, Schatten HT. The role of emotion dysregulation in the association between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and suicidal thoughts and behaviors among veterans. J Clin Psychol. 2021 Sep;77(9):2096-2108. doi: 10.1002/jclp.23084. Epub 2020 Nov 11. PMID: 33175404; PMCID: PMC8110601.
16. Prescott AT, Sargent JD, Hull JG. Metaanalysis of the relationship between violent video game play and physical aggression over time. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Oct 2;115(40):9882-9888. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1611617114. PMID: 30275306; PMCID: PMC6176643.
17. Lai C, Pellicano GR, Altavilla D, Proietti A, Lucarelli G, Massaro G, Luciani M, Aceto P. Violence in video game produces a lower activation of limbic and temporal areas in response to social inclusion images. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2019 Aug;19(4):898-909. doi: 10.3758/s13415-018-00683-y. PMID: 30565058.
18. Rostad WL, Basile KC, Clayton HB. Association Among Television and Computer/Video Game Use, Victimization, and Suicide Risk Among U.S. High School Students. J Interpers Violence. 2021 Mar;36(5-6):2282-2305. doi: 10.1177/0886260518760020. Epub 2018 Mar 5. PMID: 29502506; PMCID: PMC6119526.
19. Wolf D, Klasen M, Eisner P, Zepf FD, Zvyagintsev M, Palomero-Gallagher N, Weber R, Eisert A, Mathiak K. Central serotonin modulates neural responses to virtual violent actions in emotion regulation networks. Brain Struct Funct. 2018 Sep;223(7):3327-3345. doi: 10.1007/s00429-018-1693-2. Epub 2018 Jun 8. Erratum in: Brain Struct Funct. 2019 Aug 7;: PMID: 29948188; PMCID: PMC6698268.
20. Shao R, Wang Y. The Relation of Violent Video Games to Adolescent Aggression: An Examination of Moderated Mediation Effect. Front Psychol. 2019 Feb 21;10:384. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00384. PMID: 30846962; PMCID: PMC6394371.
21. Carpita B, Muti D, Nardi B, Benedetti F, Cappelli A, Cremone IM, Carmassi C, Dell'Osso L. Biochemical Correlates of Video Game Use: From Physiology to Pathology. A Narrative Review. Life (Basel). 2021 Jul 30;11(8):775. doi: 10.3390/life11080775. PMID: 34440519; PMCID: PMC8401252.
22. Förtsch EAD, Baumgart P, Teismann T, Ruscheweyh R, Hasenbring MI. No game, more pain - Examining possible long term effects and underlying mechanisms of habitual violent video gaming on the acquired capability for suicide. Psychiatry Res. 2021 Jan;295:113512. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113512. Epub 2020 Oct 20. PMID: 33213935.
23. Coyne SM, Hurst JL, Dyer WJ, Hunt Q, Schvanaveldt E, Brown S, Jones G. Suicide Risk in Emerging Adulthood: Associations with Screen Time over 10 years. J Youth Adolesc. 2021 Dec;50(12):2324-2338. doi: 10.1007/s10964-020-01389-6. Epub 2021 Feb 2. PMID: 33528704.
24. Dresp-Langley B, Hutt A. Digital addiction and sleep. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022 Jun 5;19(11):6910.
25. Wis?owska-Stanek A, Ko?osowska K, Maciejak P. Neurobiological Basis of Increased Risk for Suicidal Behaviour. Cells. 2021 Sep 23;10(10):2519. doi: 10.3390/cells10102519. PMID: 34685499; PMCID: PMC8534256.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Pakistan Journal of Physiology, Pak J Physiol, PJP is FREE for research and academic purposes. It can be freely downloaded and stored, printed, presented, projected, cited and quoted with full reference of, and acknowledgement to the author(s) and the PJP. The contents are published with an international CC-BY-ND-4.0 License.