@article{Khan_Muhammad_Khan_Khan_Kulsoom Ghias_2019, title={Genetic risk factors associated with gallbladder carcinoma}, volume={15}, url={https://pjp.pps.org.pk/index.php/PJP/article/view/1002}, abstractNote={<p>Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive biliary tract cancer with wide geographic diversity. Various genetic modifications of GBC, including mutations in <em>p53, KRAS, p16 </em>and retinoblastoma (<em>RB</em>) gene. Mutations in <em>p53</em> lead to carcinoma, while point mutations in <em>KRAS</em> leads to hyperplasia. <em>KRAS</em> mutations are often found in both pancreatico-biliary ducts junction and in neoplastic loci in gallbladder polyps. The 5-year survival rate for overall GBC patients is <1%. GBC is crucial for diagnostic and prognostic markers and potential drug targets. Ovid-MEDLINE, PubMed, CINHAL and Google Scholar databases were searched using keywords gallbladder carcinoma, neoplasia, tumour, tumor, adenocarcinoma, biliary tract carcinoma, gene mutations, <em>KRAS</em>, <em>p53</em>, <em>RB,</em> and <em>p16</em>. Ten out of 470 research articles were finally included. It was observed that loss of heterogeneity and mutations of <em>KRAS</em>, <em>p53</em>, <em>p16</em> and <em>RB</em> involve in the disruption of cell cycle leading to continuous cell division and cancer.</p> <p><strong>Pak J Physiol 2019;</strong>15(4):66?70</p>}, number={4}, journal={Pakistan Journal of Physiology}, author={Khan, Saara Mudassir and Muhammad, Jibran Sualeh and Khan, Asra and Khan, Muhammad Rizwan and Kulsoom Ghias, Kulsoom}, year={2019}, month={Dec.}, pages={66–70} }